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Jefferson County is located in the extreme eastern part of the Eastern Panhandle of West Virginia. Named for Thomas Jefferson, 3rd President of the United States it was formed in the year 1801 from Berkeley County. It is bound on the north by the Potomac River, on the east by the Potomac and Shenandoah Rivers, and Loudoun County, Virginia, on the south by Clarke County, Virginia, and on the west by the Opequon Creek and Berkeley County, West Virginia. Jefferson County covers an area of 212.41 square miles.
Jefferson County is located about 58 miles from Washington, DC and 67 miles from Baltimore, Maryland. The surface elevation varies from a low of 275 feet above sea level at Harpers Ferry to a high of 1, 000 feet at the top of the mountain east of the Shenandoah River.